This page has been medically reviewed by Dr Marielle Quint, March 2025.
Enuresis is the repeated, involuntary passing of urine during the day or night in children aged five or older. It is often referred to as bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis) or daytime wetting (diurnal enuresis). While many children grow out of it naturally, persistent enuresis can impact self-esteem, sleep, and family routines, and may signal underlying medical, emotional, or developmental concerns.
Enuresis can occur occasionally or regularly, and may present in different ways depending on the child.
Types of enuresis:
Nocturnal enuresis – Bedwetting that happens during sleep
Diurnal enuresis – Wetting during the day
Primary enuresis – When the child has never consistently stayed dry
Secondary enuresis – When wetting resumes after at least six months of dryness
Common signs include:
Involuntary urination in bed or clothes, usually during sleep
Frequent urination or urgency during the day
Avoiding going to the toilet, holding in urine, or rushing to the bathroom
Disrupted sleep patterns or reluctance to attend sleepovers
Emotional distress, embarrassment, or low self-confidence
Irritability or frustration around toileting routines
In some cases, signs of urinary tract infections (e.g. pain when urinating)
Enuresis is usually not intentional. Possible causes include:
Delayed bladder development or small bladder capacity
Genetic factors – it often runs in families
Deep sleep patterns, making it harder for the child to wake to use the toilet
Constipation, which puts pressure on the bladder
Stress or emotional difficulties, such as family changes, anxiety, or bullying
Medical conditions – such as urinary tract infections, diabetes, or neurological issues
Understanding the cause helps determine the most effective treatment.
Assessment involves understanding the child’s toileting habits, physical health, and emotional wellbeing. This may include:
A full history of wetting patterns, toilet training, and fluid intake
A bladder diary to track frequency and volume of urination
A physical examination to rule out medical conditions
Screening for stress, anxiety, or emotional triggers
In some cases, the child may also be referred for further investigations, such as urine tests or ultrasound scans.
Most cases of enuresis can be managed with a combination of behavioural strategies, emotional support, and — when needed — medical intervention.
1. Bladder training and routine support
Encouraging regular toilet breaks during the day
Promoting hydration (especially earlier in the day)
Avoiding caffeine or fizzy drinks that may irritate the bladder
Supporting healthy toileting routines at home and school
2. Night-time strategies for bedwetting
Bedwetting alarms – These detect wetness and help the child learn to wake when their bladder is full
Lifting technique – Waking the child at a set time to use the toilet
Using absorbent bed mats or night pants during treatment
Avoiding blame or punishment, and focusing on encouragement
3. Medical treatment (if necessary)
Medication such as desmopressin may be considered if behavioural strategies are not effective
Treatment of underlying conditions such as constipation or UTIs
4. Emotional and psychological support
CBT or counselling if anxiety, trauma, or stress is linked to wetting
Support for self-esteem and reassurance that enuresis is common and treatable
Family support to manage frustration or conflict around toileting
At Kidswell Health, our in-house team of child psychologists and healthcare professionals provide holistic care for children experiencing enuresis. We offer thorough assessments, practical toileting strategies, and emotional support.
ERIC UK – The Children’s Bowel and Bladder Charity
If your child is experiencing distress or significant impact due to wetting, don’t wait to seek support – early intervention can make a big difference.
Book an appointment with one of our experienced professionals today.
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